目录

Relocation from China (with Chinese Characteristics)
具有中国特色的供应链重构

📖 字数统计中... ⏱️ 预计阅读时间计算中...

💡 核心价值 (Takeaway)

1

核心结论

脱钩并未真正发生,而是演变为供应链的"延长":中国通过在越南、墨西哥设立子公司完成成品组装,同时显著增加了这些国家对中国零部件的进口需求。

2

理论创新

提出"具有中国特色的迁移"概念:生产地点转移伴随着中国资本(FDI)和中间品紧密跟随,形成"组装在外,供链在内"的新模式。

3

方法亮点

创新性使用微观企业层面的HS6位码贸易数据,精确匹配"特定成品"与"对应零部件"的微观联系。

4

政策启示

贸易壁垒的有限效果:企业通过FDI和供应链重组成功规避关税。传统意义的"脱钩"难以实现,全球供应链展现高度韧性与适应性。

1. 作者信息

作者信息

发表信息

2. 研究背景与核心故事

宏观背景

随着全球政治紧张局势加剧和贸易保护主义政策(如美国对华关税)的推行,全球化面临威胁。特别是2016年以来,美国对华经济政策发生急剧转变,导致中美直接贸易大幅下降。核心争议在于:这究竟代表了受影响经济体的彻底“脱钩”(decoupling),还是贸易伙伴关系以更复杂的方式进行了重塑?

Panel A - Import share of China - US vs.ROW
Figure 1: Share of China in imports of US and rest of world (Panel A: Import share of China - US vs.ROW)
Panel B - Import share of China - US vs.ROW (weighted)
Figure 1: Share of China in imports of US and rest of world (Panel B: weighted by 2012 product-level demand shares)
Table A1: Top ten and bottom ten countries by 2018-2022 change in US import share
Top ten countries Bottom ten countries
Country Δ Aggregate US import share (pp) Country Δ Aggregate US import share (pp)
Vietnam 2.06 China -4.50
Taiwan 1.04 Japan -1.00
Canada 0.77 Venezuela -0.50
Korea 0.67 Germany -0.46
Thailand 0.60 United Kingdom -0.44
India 0.54 Russia -0.38
Indonesia 0.27 France -0.30
Mexico 0.24 Saudi Arabia -0.23
Ireland 0.24 Israel -0.20
Cambodia 0.24 Iraq -0.16
Table A2: Top percentile of changes in US import share by country and industry
Country Industry Δ Share Country Industry Δ Share Country Industry Δ Share
Australia Metal products 2.94 Korea Chemicals 4.66 Thailand Chemical fibers 2.71
Belgium Pharmaceuticals 2.60 Automobiles 3.10 Electrical equipment 1.77
Bangladesh Apparel 5.04 Iron and steel 1.79 Electronics 1.71
Textiles 1.58 Non-ferrous metal 1.79 Turkey Chemical fibers 3.03
Brazil Wood products 1.73 Electrical equipment 1.70 Non-metal products 2.74
Cambodia Leather/footwear 4.22 Malaysia Furniture 1.45 UK Recycling 3.50
Canada Transport equipment 2.24 Mexico Beverages 10.56 Vietnam Furniture 10.89
Iron and steel 1.98 Oil refining 3.96 Electronics 8.00
Oil refining 1.85 Iron and steel 3.72 Leather/footwear 6.00
Dom. Rep. Food processing 1.72 Automobiles 3.20 Chemical fibers 5.07
Germany Tobacco 4.84 Transport equipment 3.10 Apparel 4.15
India Chemical fibers 1.56 Recycling 2.29 Rubber/plastic 3.03
Non-metal products 2.50 Netherlands Oil refining 1.58 Printing 2.91
Iron and steel 2.12 Nicaragua Tobacco 5.26 Stationery/recreation 2.77
Apparel 1.62 Saudi Arabia Oil refining 3.46 Textiles 2.44
Indonesia Printing 1.46 South Africa Non-ferrous metals 2.23 Electrical equipment 2.29
Chemical fibers 3.49 Spain Recycling 1.50 Wood products 2.22
Leather/footwear 3.01 Sweden Paper products 1.83 Non-metal products 2.14
Food processing 2.21 Switzerland Metal products 9.19 General machinery 1.70
Furniture 1.73 Instruments 2.83
Iraq Oil refining 2.61 Non-ferrous metals 1.44
Ireland Chemicals 1.96 Taiwan Electronics 5.44
Italy Printing 2.01 Transport equipment 1.91
Leather/footwear 1.61 General machinery 1.40

现实矛盾

虽然宏观数据显示中美直接贸易急剧下降,但这并不一定意味着中国经济主体退出了生产过程。如果生产转移到了第三方国家,但这些国家依赖中国的投资(FDI)或中间品(Parts),那么“脱钩”可能只是表面现象,实际上形成了更隐蔽的“间接联系”(indirect relationships)。

问题提出

文章贡献与创新

3. 理论分析与假设

核心逻辑链条

贸易壁垒/地缘政治紧张 $\rightarrow$ 改变比较优势 $\rightarrow$ 生产向第三国转移(Reallocation) $\rightarrow$ 中国企业为保持市场份额进行应对:

理论假设

4. 研究设计与识别方法

变量设计与数据来源

实证策略

方法分析

5. 结果分析

描述性证据

Panel A - Share of manufacturing affiliates of listed Chinese firms
Figure 2: Trends in Chinese economic relations with top ten ‘winner’ countries (Panel A)
Panel B - Share of Chinese parts exports on average across goods categories
Figure 2: Trends in Chinese economic relations with top ten ‘winner’ countries (Panel B)
Table A3: Summary statistics for Table 1
Mean SD p1 p25 p50 p75 p99 Max Total
Panel A - Manufacturing affiliates in sample for Table 1 columns (1) and (2)
By firm (250 firms):
New manufacturing affiliates 2.11 2.35 1 1 2 16 527
Manufacturing affiliates in 2017 1.53 3.49 0 0 2 33 382
By country (67 countries):
New manufacturing affiliates 7.87 13.35 1 3 9 85 527
Manufacturing affiliates in 2017 5.70 8.66 1 3 6 49 382
By firm-country (16,750 observations):
New manufacturing affiliates 0.03 0.24 0 0 0 8 527
Manufacturing affiliates in 2017 0.02 0.22 0 0 0 11 382
Panel B - Non-manufacturing affiliates in sample for Table 1 columns (3) and (4)
By firm (352 firms):
New non-manufacturing affiliates 3.33 5.66 1 1.5 3 57 1172
Non-manufacturing affiliates in 2017 2.66 5.98 0 1 3 53 938
By country (91 countries):
New non-manufacturing affiliates 12.88 21.33 1 5 14 146 1172
Non-manufacturing affiliates in 2017 10.30 18.89 1 3 12 97 938
By firm-country (32,032 observations):
New non-manufacturing affiliates 0.03 0.34 0 0 0 28 1172
Non-manufacturing affiliates in 2017 0.03 0.32 0 0 0 25 938
Panel C - Changes in US import shares in samples for Table 1
Δ US import share (×100, pp):
Manufacturing affiliates sample 0.11 1.56 -2.73 -0.46 0.00 1.20 5.18
Non-manufacturing affiliates sample 0.08 1.55 -2.56 -0.34 0.00 0.76 4.37
Table A4: Summary statistics for Table 2
Mean SD p1 p5 p50 p95 p99
Δ US downstream import share (×100, pp):
All goods categories

0.02 1.22 -1.38 -0.05 0.00 0.12 2.19
Excluding smallest
5%
0.02 1.12 -1.28 -0.05 0.00 0.12 2.13
Excluding smallest
10%
0.02 1.04 -1.21 -0.04 0.00 0.12 1.89
Excluding smallest
25%
0.03 0.83 -0.96 -0.04 0.00 0.12 1.67
Δ China parts export share (×100, pp):
All goods categories -0.00 1.42 -3.07 -0.39 0.00 0.51 2.88
Excluding smallest 5% -0.00 1.42 -3.05 -0.39 0.00 0.50 2.85
Excluding smallest 10% -0.00 1.38 -2.99 -0.39 0.00 0.49 2.77
Excluding smallest 25% -0.00 1.11 -2.62 -0.37 0.00 0.47 2.48

基准回归结果

Table 1: Number of new affiliates by firm and country
Manufacturing affiliates Non-manufacturing affiliates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Δ US import share 8.237 8.103 -1.516 -1.442
(3.127) (3.340) (1.775) (1.945)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.334 0.203
(0.090) (0.080)
Firm FEs Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FEs Yes Yes Yes Yes
Firms 250 250 352 352
Countries 67 67 91 91
Observations 16,750 16,750 32,032 32,032
Table 2: Share of Chinese parts exports by goods category and country
All goods categories

(1)
Excluding smallest
5%
(2)
Excluding smallest
10%
(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Δ US import share 0.118 0.156 0.165 0.141
(0.069) (0.082) (0.101) (0.063)
Goods category FEs Yes Yes Yes Yes
Country FEs Yes Yes Yes Yes
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 31,977 30,305 28,633 23,826

稳健性与异质性检验

Table 3: Additional evidence on relevance of main results to US-China relations
Manufacturing
affiliates
(1)
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(2)
All goods categories

(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Results for other major economies
Δ EU import share -1.394 -0.374 -0.005 0.010
(4.588) (1.326) (0.026) (0.034)
Observations 12,561 24,840 28,458 21,204
Δ Japan import share -1.193 3.861 0.009 -0.010
(2.437) (0.720) (0.014) (0.023)
Observations 12,411 25,010 30,906 23,028
Δ Canada import share 1.150 0.316 0.016 0.030
(5.093) (0.762) (0.015) (0.060)
Observations 10,443 23,042 31,059 23,142
Panel B - Control for change in ROW import share
Δ US import share 8.377 -1.353 0.114 0.120
(3.167) (1.712) (0.069) (0.058)
Δ ROW import share -4.174 -2.844 0.107 0.272
(5.134) (3.628) (0.052) (0.056)
Observations 16,750 32,032 31,977 23,826
Panel C - Heterogeneity by Chinese loss or gain in US import share
Manufacturing affiliates Share of parts exports
China loss China gain China loss China gain
Δ US import share 9.728 -4.883 0.169 0.001
(2.491) (3.083) (0.099) (0.039)
Observations 12,915 21,736 10,241 13,585
Panel D - Heterogeneity by exposure to rises in US tariffs on Chinese goods
Manufacturing affiliates Share of parts exports
Above-median
exposure
Below-median
exposure
Above-median
exposure
Below-median
exposure
Δ US import share 12.013 0.309 0.139 0.106
(3.830) (4.027) (0.065) (0.088)
Observations 6,000 15,884 16,093 7,733
Table A5: Number of new affiliates by firm and country - alternative measure and base year
Manufacturing
affiliates
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Panel A - Firm-specific product mix based on listed firms only
Δ US import share 10.452 10.185 0.952 1.467
(3.252) (3.229) (1.477) (1.527)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.306 0.628
(0.119) (0.119)
Firms 181 181 352 352
Countries 52 52 91 91
Observations 9,412 9,412 18,634 18,634
Panel B - Variables defined using 2017 base year
Δ US import share 8.125 8.100 0.899 0.851
(2.700) (2.743) (1.342) (1.472)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.299 0.207
(0.090) (0.078)
Firms 295 295 400 400
Countries 78 78 96 96
Observations 23,010 23,010 38,400 38,400
Table A6: Number of new affiliates by firm and country - ‘top winners’ regressions
Manufacturing
affiliates
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Panel A - Top ‘winner’ country by firm-specific product mix
Top winner dummy 0.758 0.778 -0.079 -0.001
(0.290) (0.292) (0.268) (0.303)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.341 0.203
(0.092) (0.079)
Firms 250 250 352 352
Countries 67 67 91 91
Observations 16,750 16,750 32,032 32,032
Panel B - Top three ‘winner’ countries by firm-specific product mix
Top three winners dummy 0.721 0.695 0.055 0.104
(0.311) (0.302) (0.177) (0.192)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.326 0.204
(0.077) (0.079)
Firms 250 250 352 352
Countries 67 67 91 91
Observations 16,750 16,750 32,032 32,032
Table A7: Number of new affiliates by firm and country - heterogeneity by region
Manufacturing
affiliates
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Panel A - Countries in East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 11.250 12.346 -0.344 -0.250
(3.272) (3.302) (3.060) (3.007)
{0.131} {0.144} {0.921} {0.943}
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.648 0.133
(0.262) (0.051)
{0.041} {0.400}
Firms 149 149 199 199
Countries 12 12 12 12
Observations 1,788 1,788 2,388 2,388
Panel B - Countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 0.799 -0.031 -2.318 -2.305
(5.029) (5.011) (1.489) (1.523)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.251 0.246
(0.038) (0.089)
Firms 142 142 253 253
Countries 55 55 79 79
Observations 7,810 7,810 19,987 19,987
Panel C - Non-high-income countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 9.855 8.769 -2.175 -2.053
(4.904) (5.422) (1.634) (1.682)
{0.255} {0.379} {0.427} {0.454}
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.308 0.250
(0.174) (0.407)
{0.364} {0.539}
Firms 71 71 95 95
Countries 26 26 40 40
Observations 1,846 1,846 3,800 3,800
Panel D - High-income countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share -2.255 -3.321 -2.858 -3.014
(6.199) (5.838) (2.090) (2.196)
{0.821} {0.725} {0.281} {0.279}
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.220 0.256
(0.035) (0.079)
{0.099} {0.000}
Firms 91 91 211 211
Countries 29 29 39 39
Table A8: Number of new affiliates by firm and country - heterogeneity by industry
Manufacturing
affiliates
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Panel A - Electronics and instruments
Δ US import share 4.349 3.657 -4.253 -4.173
(3.579) (3.528) (3.535) (3.533)
{0.396} {0.488} {0.252} {0.264}
Number of affiliates in 2017 1.354 0.048
(0.307) (0.037)
{0.031} {0.286}
Firms 57 57 75 75
Countries 27 27 59 59
Observations 1,539 1,539 4,425 4,425
Panel B - Electrical equipment
Δ US import share 18.836 18.496 -8.145 -7.663
(3.948) (5.049) (4.345) (5.377)
{0.021} {0.026} {0.225} {0.321}
Number of affiliates in 2017 1.400 0.175
(0.617) (0.095)
{0.029} {0.244}
Firms 36 36 44 44
Countries 22 22 39 39
Observations 792 792 1,716 1,716
Panel C - Other machinery
Δ US import share 10.945 9.171 -3.474 -4.008
(5.574) (6.173) (5.565) (6.032)
{0.109} {0.168} {0.590} {0.579}
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.822 0.669
(0.166) (0.217)
{0.041} {0.041}
Firms 50 50 63 63
Countries 41 41 53 53
Observations 2,050 2,050 3,339 3,339
Panel D - All other industries
Δ US import share 5.891 6.404 2.973 3.481
(5.164) (5.733) (2.676) (2.601)
Number of affiliates in 2017 0.320 0.476
(0.086) (0.094)
Firms 107 107 170 170
Countries 52 52 69 69
Observations 5,564 5,564 11,730 11,730
Table A9: Share of Chinese parts exports by goods category and country - alternative measure and base year
All categories

(1)
Excluding smallest
5%
(2)
Excluding smallest
10%
(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Excluding categories where parts are grouped with other products
Δ US import share 0.113 0.155 0.170 0.124
(0.085) (0.106) (0.119) (0.065)
Goods categories 108 102 96 79
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 22,572 21,318 20,064 16,511
Panel B - Variables defined using 2017 base year
Δ US import share 0.065 0.091 0.113 0.162
(0.039) (0.042) (0.049) (0.049)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 31,977 30,305 28,633 23,826
Table A10: Share of Chinese parts exports by goods category and country - ‘top winners’ regressions
All categories

(1)
Excluding smallest
5%
(2)
Excluding smallest
10%
(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Top ‘winner’ country by goods category
Top winner dummy 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.011
(0.008) (0.008) (0.009) (0.009)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 31,977 30,305 28,633 23,826
Panel B - Top three ‘winner’ countries by goods category
Top three winners dummy 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.009
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 31,977 30,305 28,633 23,826
Table A11: Share of Chinese parts exports by goods category and country - heterogeneity by region
All categories

(1)
Excluding smallest
5%
(2)
Excluding smallest
10%
(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Countries in East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 0.184 0.192 0.187 0.211
(0.057) (0.058) (0.072) (0.088)
{0.052} {0.044} {0.057} {0.033}
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 15 15 15 15
Observations 2,295 2,175 2,055 1,710
Panel B - Countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 0.090 0.138 0.157 0.058
(0.096) (0.129) (0.154) (0.064)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 194 194 194 194
Observations 29,682 28,130 26,578 22,116
Panel C - Non-high-income countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 0.045 0.095 0.099 0.146
(0.018) (0.045) (0.047) (0.029)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 126 126 126 126
Observations 19,278 18,270 17,262 14,364
Panel D - High-income countries outside East and Southeast Asia
Δ US import share 0.098 0.144 0.165 0.019
(0.115) (0.149) (0.179) (0.070)
Goods categories 153 145 137 114
Countries 68 68 68 68
Observations 10,404 9,860 9,316 7,752
Table A12: Share of Chinese parts exports by goods category and country - heterogeneity by industry
All categories

(1)
Excluding smallest
5%
(2)
Excluding smallest
10%
(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Electronics and instruments
Δ US import share 0.123 0.142 0.116 0.170
(0.066) (0.065) (0.103) (0.121)
{0.224} {0.157} {0.313} {0.229}
Goods categories 36 35 34 28
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 7,524 7,315 7,106 5,852
Panel B - Electrical equipment
Δ US import share 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299
(0.112) (0.112) (0.112) (0.112)
{0.044} {0.044} {0.044} {0.044}
Goods categories 21 21 21 21
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 4,389 4,389 4,389 4,389
Panel C - Other machinery
Δ US import share 0.009 0.022 0.019 0.096
(0.027) (0.036) (0.044) (0.079)
{0.755} {0.602} {0.719} {0.163}
Goods categories 63 58 52 39
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 13,167 12,122 10,868 8,151
Panel D - All other industries
Δ US import share 0.516 0.531 0.530 0.097
(0.270) (0.272) (0.274) (0.038)
{0.007} {0.019} {0.024} {0.085}
Goods categories 33 31 30 26
Countries 209 209 209 209
Observations 6,897 6,479 6,270 5,434
Table A13: Controls for changes in import shares of major economies
Manufacturing
affiliates
(1)
Non-manufacturing
affiliates
(2)
All goods categories

(3)
Excluding smallest
25%
(4)
Panel A - Control for change in EU import share
Δ US import share 9.356 -0.640 0.094 0.151
(2.417) (1.967) (0.048) (0.072)
Δ EU import share -3.319 0.315 0.004 0.019
(4.351) (2.686) (0.015) (0.023)
Observations 10,320 19,206 27,693 20,634
Panel B - Control for change in Japan import share
Δ US import share 8.881 -0.693 0.110 0.129
(3.167) (1.696) (0.072) (0.067)
Δ Japan import share -3.921 0.992 0.023 -0.000
(1.641) (0.800) (0.008) (0.026)
Observations 16,104 30,171 30,294 22,572
Panel C - Control for change in Canada import share
Δ US import share 7.828 -1.274 0.127 0.146
(3.241) (2.052) (0.075) (0.063)
Δ Canada import share 0.326 -0.403 0.023 0.027
(1.811) (1.681) (0.017) (0.030)
Observations 16,302 31,061 30,600 22,800
Panel D - Control for change in China import share
Δ US import share 8.152 -1.521 0.112 0.140
(3.115) (1.759) (0.075) (0.062)
Δ China import share 1.390 0.127 -0.009 0.011
(0.842) (0.527) (0.015) (0.027)
Observations 16,750 32,032 31,768 23,826

6. 讨论与结论

研究结论

文章贡献

局限性

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